What is 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G ? Evolution in TeleCommunication.

           

Telecommunications refers to the exchange of information by electronic and electrical means over a significant distance. A complete telecommunication arrangement is made up of two or more stations equipped with transmitter and receiver devices. A single co-arrangement of transmitters and receivers, called transceiver, are used in telecommunication stations.

Telecommunication is defined as the science and technology of communication over a distance. The ability to transfer information quickly, accurately, and efficiently has always been one of the main focuses driving human innovation. From prehistoric man with their signal fires to the smart phone wielding high-powered executives of today, communication still remains a key for survival and success. The history of telecommunication illustrates progress as it steadily parallels human growth, becoming more widespread and efficient as the development of modern civilization unfolds.

Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the system, speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, latency etc. Each generation have some standards, different capacities, new techniques and new features which differentiate it from the previous one. Telephony is focused on voice communications .Telecommunications has evolved into much more. The telephone network was originally designed to carry human voice and not digital information such as data, music, or video.

                                         

                                           TELECOMMUNICATION DEVICES

In telecommunications, data is transmitted in the form of electrical signals known as carrier waves, which are modulated into analog or digital signals for transmitting information. Analog modulation such as that used in radio broadcasting is an amplitude modulation. Digital modulation is just an updated form of this.

Telecommunications is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types of voice, data and video transmission. It is a broad term that includes a wide range of information transmitting technologies such as telephones (wired and wireless), microwave communications, fiber optics, satellites, radio and television broadcasting, the internet and telegraphs.

A single telecommunications circuit consists of two stations, each equipped with a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and receiver at any station may be combined into a single device called a transceiver. The medium of signal transmission can be via electrical wire or cable, optical fiber, electromagnetic fields or light. The free space transmission and reception of data by means of electromagnetic fields is called wireless communications.

      The simplest form of telecommunications takes place between two stations, but it is common for multiple transmitting and receiving stations to exchange data among them. Such an arrangement is called a telecommunications network. The internet is the largest example of a telecommunications network. On a smaller scale, examples include:·        Corporate and academic wide-area networks (WANs)

Telephone networks

Cellular networks

Police and fire communications systems

Groups of amateur radio operators

Broadcast networks

Data is transmitted in a telecommunications circuit by means of an electrical signal called the carrier or the carrier wave. In order for a carrier to convey information, some form of modulation is required. The mode of modulation can be broadly categorized as either analog or digital.

EVOLUTION IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS –

1G

2G

3G

4G

5G

First Generation 1G -

These phones were the first mobile phones to be used, which was introduced in 1982. It was used for voice services and was based on technology called as Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). The AMPS system was frequency modulated and used frequency International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) frequency division multiple access (FDMA) with a channel capacity of 30 KHz and frequency band of 824- 894MHz. Its basic features are:

· Speed-2.4 kbps

· Allows voice calls in 1 country

· Use analog signal.

· Poor voice quality

· Poor battery life

· Large phone size

· Limited capacity

· Poor handoff reliability

 · Poor security

· Offered very low level of spectrum efficiency

 It introduces mobile technologies such as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT). It has low capacity, unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all since voice calls were played back in radio towers, making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties .

MAJOR CONCERNS-

Weak security on air interface.

Full analog mode of communication.

No roaming.

Second Generation 2G-

 2G refers to the second generation based on GSM and was emerged in late 1980s. It uses digital signals for voice transmission. Main focus of this technology was on digital signals and provides services to deliver text and picture message at low speed (in kbps). It uses the bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz. Next to 2G, 2.5G system uses packet switched and circuit switched domain and provide data rate up to 144 kbps. e.g. GPRS, CDMA and EDGE. [5]. The main features of 2G and 2.5G are : Second generation, 2G:

 · Data speed was up to 64kbps

 · Use digital signals

 · Enables services such as text messages, picture messages and Multimedia message

· Provides better quality and capacity

· Unable to handle complex data such as videos.

 · Required strong digital signals to help mobile phones work.

 Data rates are 9.6Kbps.

The GSM technology was continuously improved to provide better services which led to development of advanced Technology between 2g and 3g

· Provides phone calls

· Send/receive e-mail messages

· Web browsing

 · Speed - 64-144 kbps

· Camera phones

· Take a time of 6-9 minutes. to download a 3 minutes MP3 song.

Packet switch network +GSM speed =160 Kb/s.

BENEFITS-

Conversations were digitally encrypted.

More efficient on spectrum.

Greater mobile phone penetration.

Introduce data service (SMS).

 Third Generation 3G –

3G is based on GSM i.e. Global System for Mobile Communication. The aim of this technology was to offer high speed data. The original technology was improved to allow data up to 14 Mbps and more using packet switching. It uses Wide Band Wireless Network with which clarity is increased. It also offers data services, access to television/video, new services like Global Roaming. It operates at a range of 2100MHz and has a bandwidth of 15-20MHz used for High-speed internet service, video chatting..

The main features of 3G are:

· Speed 2 Mbps

· Typically called smart phones

· Increased bandwidth and data transfer rates to accommodate web-based applications and audio and video files.

 · Provides faster communication

· Send/receive large email messages

 · High speed web/more security/video conferencing/3D gaming

· Large capacities and broadband capabilities

· TV streaming/mobile TV/Phone calls

· To download a 3 minute MP3 song only 11 sec-1.5 minutes time required.

· Expensive fees for 3G licenses services

 · It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G

· High bandwidth requirement

 · Expensive 3G phones

 · Large cell phones 3G mobile system was called as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) . WCDMA is the air-interface technology for UMTS.

Stationary/ walking user speed for 3G-2 MB/S.

Moving vehicle speed for 3G-384KBPS.

Fourth Generation 4G -

 4G offers a downloading speed of 100Mbps. 4G provides same feature as 3G and additional services like Multi-Media Newspapers, to watch T.V programs with more clarity and send Data much faster than previous generations . LTE (Long Term Evolution) is considered as 4G technology. 4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.

 The main features of 4G are :

 · Capable of provide 10Mbps-1Gbps speed

 · High quality streaming video

· Combination of Wi-Fi and Wi-Max

· High security

 · Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements anywhere

· Expanded multimedia services

· Low cost per-bit

· Battery uses is more

· Hard to implement.

 · Need complicated hardware

 · Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

 Fifth Generation 5G-

5G refer to Fifth Generation which was started from late 2010s. Facilities that might be seen with 5G technology includes far better levels of connectivity and coverage. The main focus of 5G will be on world-Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW). It is a complete wireless communication with no limitations.

The main features of 5G are:

 · It is highly supportable to WWWW (wireless World Wide Web)

· High speed, high capacity.

· Provides large broadcasting of data in Gbps.

· Multi-media newspapers, watch TV programs with the clarity (HD Clarity)

· Faster data transmission that of the previous generation

· Large phone memory, dialing speed, clarity in audio/video

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating system. 5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in 5G network providing high connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections

FEATURES OF 5G-

The current trend of 5G technology has a following feature.

 · The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed

· 5G technology offer high resolution for cell phone user and bi- directional large bandwidth sharing

. · 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000 connections

. · The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak

 · The 5G technology also support virtual private network.

· The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation schemes as well as new error control schemes that can be downloaded from the Internet.

· The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks. E.g. The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective

 · The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the world The terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies.

· The vertical handovers should be avoided, because they are not feasible in a case when there are many technologies and many operators and service provider.

· In 5G, each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will make the final choice among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. Such choice will be based on open intelligent middleware in the mobile phone.

· The remote diagnostic is a great feature offered by 5G, through which a user can get better and fast solution.

high data rates (in the order of gigabits per second),

low latency (milliseconds)

high reliability

support for many devices in small areas, and

low energy consumption.

Comparision between 1G,2G,3G,4G and 5G-

APPLICATIONS OF 5G

 Applications of 5G are beyond our imagination. User never experienced ever before such high value technology which includes all type of advance features.

Some of the applications of 5G are:

 · Charging of mobile by using heart beat

· Knowing the exact time in nano seconds.

· Ringing of mobile according to mood.

 · vote from  mobile

 · We can able to visualize lively all the planets and universe. Also we can able to navigate a train for which we are waiting.

 · We can able to view our residence in our mobile when someone enters and also when some once opens our intelligent car.

· We can able pay all our bills in a single payment with our mobile.

 · We can able to sense Tsunami/Earthquake before it occurs.

· We can access our office desktop, Laptop, car, bike using our mobile,

· We can identify our stolen mobile within nanoseconds

 · Our mobile can share our workload, identify the best server and also intimate us before the call drops

. · We can able to expand our coverage using mobile phones.

· We can able to fold our mobile as per our desire.

CONCLUSION-

The world of mobile wireless communication is rapidly developing. The last few years have experienced a remarkable growth in wireless industry. 5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market. There are many new techniques and technologies that will be used in the new 5G cellular or mobile telecommunications system. These new 5G technologies are still being developed and the overall standards have not yet be defined. However as the required technologies develop, they will be incorporated into the new system which will be defined by the standards bodies over the coming years. Attempts are being made to reduce the number of technologies to a single global standard resulting in 5G. Trials have already started on 5G which may lead to its commercial availability around 2020. The world is trying to become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted access to information anytime and anywhere with better quality, high speed, increased bandwidth and reduction in cost.